Free Ebook A Tale of Seven Elements

Free Ebook A Tale of Seven Elements

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A Tale of Seven Elements

Free Ebook A Tale of Seven Elements

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Audible Audiobook

Listening Length: 7 hours and 37 minutes

Program Type: Audiobook

Version: Unabridged

Publisher: Audible Studios

Audible.com Release Date: March 11, 2014

Language: English

ASIN: B00I5PVID0

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

Quickly, what are technetium, promethium, hafnium, rhenium, astatine, francium, and protactinium? What do they have in common? Eric Scerri provides answers to these questions and many others in his recent book, "A Tale of Seven Elements" (2013). Dr. Scerri teaches chemistry at UCLA and specializes in the history and philosophy of science. Besides engaging in his own technical research, Scerri has written several books explaining difficult and important scientific principles to nonspecialist readers. He has written two introductory studies of the periodic table, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance;The Periodic Table: A Very Short Introduction in addition to this new, more narrowly focused book.Scerri's book discusses seven chemical elements, named above. But why, precisely, these seven and not others? Why not more familiar elements such as oxygen, carbon, gold, and more? And why not five elements, or eight? As the book unfolds, Scerri develops the reasons for the focus. Understanding the background for the choice of the seven elements is at least as important to this book as is the individual treatments of each.After an extended introduction on the nature of science and scientific discovery, Scerri offers two background chapters on the historical development of chemistry. These chapters are critical to understanding the discussions of the seven elements that follows. Broadly speaking, in the late 1860s, Dimitri Mendeleev formulated what is essentially the modern periodic table and the periodic law. Then, in the early years of the 20th Century, a number of scientists did a great deal of revolutionary work in studying x-rays, radioactivity, modern atomic theory, and quantum physics. In 1913 -- 1914, a young scientist, Henry Mosely, synthesized the current knowledge to conclude that the chemical elements could be ordered by atomic number in a sequence that at the time ran from 1 .... 92. Prior to Mosely's discovery, the elements were ordered by atomic weight which resulted in some confusions and inaccuracies. Mosely developed a technique for ordering the elements which soon showed that seven elements were missing from the traditional periodic table which ends with uranium, element 92. These elements had atomic numbers 43,61,72,75,85,87,91 -- the seven elements with which this review began, listed in ascending numerical order.In successive chapters, Scerri tells the story of the discovery of each of these elements and of their basic chemical and physical properties. He discusses the elements in the order of their discovery with each chapter beginning with a diagram of the periodic table with the element in question highlighted for a frame of reference. Scerri does indeed tell stories. He is interested in the historical, social element that led to the discovery of each element. After Mosley's findings became known, scientists competed with one another to discover the "missing links" in the periodic table. Scerri discusses these efforts for each of the elements and the differing techniques they used. Some scientists worked slowly and carefully, while other seemed to opt for flash-in-the pan approaches and, in a small number of cases, for an ethically questionable manipulation of data. Luck invariably also played a role in both the successes and the failures. Scerri focuses in particular on elements of nationalism among the competing scientists as most of the research on these seven elements took place during the WW I -- WW II years. Scerri uses substantial source material which shows the scientists and their respective supporters frequently arguing with each other about the merits of the research and about priorities in discovery. Scerri puts a human, halting face on the nature of scientific progress.With all the emphasis on history and story, the discussion of the seven elements was the most interesting part of the book. Scerri develops the similarities and differences among the seven and tries to account for the properties of each element by the physical and chemical principles he develops beginning in the book's earlier chapters. He shows why each of the elements was rare and difficult of discovery. Of the seven elements, four are radioactive and inherently unstable. Two of the elements were discovered through synthesis rather than in nature. Of the seven elements, six bear odd atomic numbers, explaining their instability. With each element, Scerri shows the unsuccessful attempts at discovery and explains why these attempts failed while other succeeded. The discussion of the chemical and physical properties of the elements frequently is difficult for a lay reader such as myself. But with careful reading, I thought I increased my understanding of what chemistry was about.Of the seven elements, Scerri seems most fascinated by no. 72, hafnium. The discovery of this element became intertwined with the earlier discovery of elements 70 and 71 as competing researches thought that element 72 would fit into different groups of elements. The ultimate discovery of the element owed a great deal to quantum physics leading some researchers to conclude that chemical properties ultimately were reducible to physical properties. In a section captioned "The Role of Hafnium in Philosophy of Chemistry", Scerri discusses this issue and concludes that the reducibility of chemical to physical properties has not yet been scientifically established.Scerri has written a fascinating book about science, discovery, and philosophy of science that requires substantial effort to read. Scerri emphasizes historic and cultural and quirky factors influencing scientific research. Scerri, however, is neither a relativist nor a skeptic. Early in the book, he writes:"Whereas theories and concepts that appear in textbooks are presented as being fully formed, real science is in a constant state of flux. When science is reported in the press, one seldom hears of the errors that led up to a discovery. In fact, actual science is full of mistakes and wrong turns. We don't ever reach the 'truth'. The best we can hope for is an approach to the truth, perhaps in an incremental fashion, meaning that current science is necessarily incorrect."What comes through strongest in this book is the seriousness of the search for knowledge and understanding that manages to factor out to a degree competitiveness, human frailty, nationalism, and error. Science reaches results that form approximations to what is real through the processes of shared, disciplined inquiry.I am grateful to OUP and to the author for the opportunity to read and review this book.Robin Friedman

As a chemist I found the book o be fascinating. As I studied for my chosen career in the 1950's I was always interested in Element 43 -- technetium. I wondered if it really did have some of the characteristics of manganese, Element 25. What its the color of pertechnate? Is the color as intense as permanganate? Although his issue was not addressed, I still find it hard to believe that natural technetium is so limited.The radioactive elements were addressed and truly their discovery was descried in great detail. Much different than the story of "Madame Curie" as depicted in the 1943 film. I was never sure why polonium was discovered before radium, and this fact became clearer in this book.I would recommend this book, to anyone who in interested in the evolution of the history of chemistry.

"A Tale of Seven Elements" centers on the historical tale of the last 7 elements to be discovered on the Periodic Table of Elements. For a reader of the history of elements, this book was a must have considering that there is very little published knowledge on the final seven elements or the exciting tale on how they were discovered. Dr Scerri did a wonderful job of keeping the facts straight while making those facts interesting to read and enjoy. The chase for these elements can be considered a scientific thriller once the reader realizes just how many different groups of scientists were trying to be the first to claim the right of being the discoverer, along with the national pride that comes with it.I would highly suggest this book to all chemists, students of science and those who are just looking for an interesting factual book on the process of discovery. Dr Scerri gives enough of a chemical background that even a novice in the field of chemistry can understand what is taking place, while giving enough details that those who come from a science background will not be bored.

In the year 1900, 85 naturally occurring elements had been isolated and characterized. The new century had given rise to the identification of the halogens as members of the New Group 7 of the periodic table. Other recent discoveries, including radioactivity, the nature of isotopes, quantum theory, and atomic number ( the definitive and unique property of every element ), were all to play critical rolls in the search for new elements. Uranium ( atomic number 92 ) had been found in the nineteenth century. Uranium is the heaviest naturally occurring element, but that was not understood at the time. What WAS known was that Mosley's x-ray fluorescence analysis could characterize the atomic number of every element. Application of this analysis to the ( then known ) elements brought a gracious order to the periodic table - and it showed that verifiable GAPS existed at atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87, and 91, where new elements were to be found.The death of Mendeleev in 1907 opened the twentieth century style quests for the missing elements. These quests were prompted by the new scientific tools, nationalism, and the hope for professional glory. Yet they were hindered by unfounded eagerness to publish, experimental difficulties, and antagonisms toward German scientists following World War I. So . . . despite the new tools available, this new element quest was slow going, characterized by many retracted claims, misidentification of isotopes, and contentious ( but very polite ) priority battles in the chemical, physical and geological journals. The stories are every bit as exciting as those of the polar expeditions, medical breakthroughs, and artistic innovations taking place in this same time frame.

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